Fil-preżent, l-industrija tal-manifattura fotovoltajka Ewropea tinsab fit-triq lejn it-tiġdid. John Lindahl, Segretarju-Ġenerali tal-Kunsill Ewropew tal-Manifattura Solari, analizza l-isfidi u l-opportunitajiet li jħabbtu wiċċhom magħhom il-manifatturi fotovoltajċi Ewropej u esplora kif jifforma sett ta' miri għal katina kompluta tal-industrija fotovoltajka ta' 100GW sal-2030. .
In 2021, Meyer Burger's 400MW solar module line was officially launched. By 2022, its battery line will expand to 1.4GW, and its module line will expand to 1GW. The final annual production target is 5GW.
While Europe remains one of the world's largest PV installation markets, its once-booming PV manufacturing industry was stalled about a decade ago by rapidly rising Asian rivals.
In 2021, the EU reached an agreement on climate targets to cut net carbon emissions by 55 percent by 2030. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of the level of solar energy utilization and the increasingly prominent issue of sustainable development, in the past few years, the call for reviving the EU's photovoltaic manufacturing capacity has become more and more loud. Perhaps, 2022 will give the answer.
In April last year, the European Solar Manufacturing Council (ESMC) said that at least 75 percent of Europe's PV demand should be produced in Europe. However, according to data released by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) in its 2021 Photovoltaic Report, although European polysilicon production capacity is 22.1GW in 2020, solar wafer production capacity is only 1.25GW, and solar cell production capacity is only 1.25GW. It is 650MW, and the solar module capacity is 6.75GW. Therefore, there is still a long way to go to realize the revival of the EU photovoltaic manufacturing industry.
Hawn taħt hawn analiżi minn Johan Lindahl, Segretarju Ġenerali tal-Kunsill Ewropew tal-Manifattura Solari ESMC, dwar l-istat attwali tal-iżvilupp tal-PV fl-Ewropa, l-isfidi u l-opportunitajiet li jiffaċċjaw il-manifatturi tal-PV, u pjanijiet identifikati biex tinkiseb kapaċità fuq skala GW-.
1. Sfida:
1) China's intangible and extensive grants, loans, credits and tax support;
2) Appoġġ ta 'għotja ovvju u estensiv mill-Istati Uniti u l-Indja;
3) L-iskjerament tat-teknoloġija tal-innovazzjoni fotovoltajka tal-UE fis-suq lokali huwa limitat, u d-drittijiet tal-proprjetà intellettwali u l-privattivi mhumiex protetti kif suppost fis-suq estern tal-UE;
4) Il-manifattura fotovoltajka Ewropea u l-istandards tax-xogħol huma stretti, iżda m'hemm l-ebda standard korrispondenti fis-suq estern tal-UE;
5) Ipprezzar potenzjalment ogħla tal-modulu PV u kwistjonijiet tal-katina tal-provvista huma kwistjoni strutturali.
2. Opportunitajiet:
1) European PV industry production becomes cost-competitive. The price difference between European and Asian products has narrowed due to the current significant increase in production and shipping costs and delivery times for Asian products. For European PV manufacturing to be price-competitive, two conditions must exist, namely GW-scale manufacturing capacity; and a complete European manufacturing value chain. The EU needs to keep the value chain intact to meet at least part of our needs that don't need to be imported, despite the fact that imports are of course still an important factor.
2) L-Ewropa għadha qed twassal fl-innovazzjoni tat-teknoloġija PV, iżda biss jekk il-bażi tal-manifattura industrijali għadha teżisti. It-teknoloġija tradizzjonali tal-wiċċ ta 'wara tal-aluminju taċ-ċelloli solari (Al BSF) għandha effiċjenza ta' konverżjoni ta '18-22 fil-mija u bħalissa qed tiġi sostitwita bit-teknoloġija PERC u t-teknoloġija tal-evoluzzjoni tagħha, li tippermetti li l-effiċjenza taċ-ċelloli solari tilħaq 20{{6} }24 fil-mija , filwaqt li l-linja ta 'produzzjoni upgrade ispiża Moderata. Ibbażat fuq teknoloġija heterojunction (HJT) jew TOPCon, it-tielet ġenerazzjoni ta 'ċelloli fotovoltajċi ta' effiċjenza għolja -se tikseb effiċjenza ta '23-26 fil-mija. Fil-preżent, l-ispiża tal-produzzjoni tagħha hija l-istess bħal dik taċ-ċelloli PERC, it-tnejn f'20-30 ċenteżmu/Wp. Batteriji ta 'effiċjenza għolja jippermettu għal spiża kompetittiva jew saħansitra aktar baxxa tal-ġenerazzjoni tal-elettriku anke bi prezzijiet ogħla tal-komponenti. Fil-futur, jista 'jkun hemm aktar titjib teknoloġiku, bħal ċelluli tandem perovskite-silikon b'effiċjenzi li jaqbżu t-30 fil-mija. Dawn l-avvanzi teknoloġiċi għadhom qed imexxu t-triq fl-Ewropa, u jwittu t-triq għall-iskjerament globali tal-PV fuq skala terawatt.
3) Ġie stabbilit il-qafas ta' politika ta'-iżvilupp fit-tul għall-enerġija rinnovabbli fl-Ewropa. Il-Patt Ekoloġiku Ewropew u l-mewġa ta’ innovazzjoni bnew fiduċja għall-investituri u l-iżviluppaturi.
4) The emergence of sustainable, carbon-neutral eco-design concepts and specific standards under consideration, including recently announced measures to address distortions in foreign subsidies in the EU market, are the driving force behind the EU's transition to a green and innovative energy system and economy. Growing customer concerns about carbon footprints will have a structural impact on PV manufacturing. Compared to current Asian products, using PV modules produced in Europe reduces carbon consumption, avoids long-distance transportation, and better eco-design parameters. The importance of this aspect will increase over the next few years.
5) Metodi ġodda ta' skjerament li jinkorporaw kunċetti fotovoltajċi f'sistemi integrati jippermettu lill-manifattura fotovoltajka Ewropea tirrealizza vantaġġ kompetittiv potenzjali. Diversi soluzzjonijiet innovattivi qed jiġu żviluppati u qed jikbru malajr f’diversi oqsma, inklużi l-Bini flimkien mal-Fotovoltajku (BIPV), il-Vetturi flimkien mal-Fotovoltajku (VIPV), il-Korp li jżomm f’wiċċ l-ilma flimkien mal-Fotovoltajku (FPV) u l-Agrikoltura flimkien mal-Fotovoltajku (APV). Il-manifatturi Ewropej tal-PV jistgħu jibbenefikaw minn ħtiġijiet speċifiċi Ewropej u lokali, peress li sistemi integrati jeħtieġu soluzzjonijiet aktar individwalizzati.
3. Il-proporzjon tal-kapaċità tal-produzzjoni globali tal-industrija fotovoltajka Ewropea f'kull ħolqa tal-katina tal-industrija fl-2020 huwa kif ġej:
1. 11 fil-mija tal-produzzjoni globali tas-silikon PV: kapaċità ta '22.1GW (Elkem u Wacker)
2. 1 fil-mija tal-produzzjoni globali tal-wejfer solari tas-silikon PV: kapaċità ta '1.25GW (Norsun, Kristalli Norveġiżi u EDF Photowatt)
3. 0.4 fil-mija tal-produzzjoni globali taċ-ċelluli tas-silikon fotovoltajku: 0.65GW kapaċità (Solitek/Valoe, Enel, Ecosolifer)
4. 3 fil-mija tal-produzzjoni tal-modulu globali: kapaċità ta '6.75GW (29 kumpanija differenti)
5. 25 fil-mija tal-output tal-inverter.
In the above scenario, Europe's installed PV capacity in 2020 accounts for 15 percent of the global total. Therefore, if Europe wants to become self-reliant, it needs to step up the production of wafers, cells and modules.
Currently, Europe has a very negative trade deficit in photovoltaic cells and modules. The table below shows the total value of import and export trade of photosensitive semiconductor devices (including photovoltaic cells assembled into modules or panels) and light-emitting diodes in Europe.
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